luni, 2 iunie 2014

The Whale, Elephant and the Bunny


One day little Brother Rabbit was running along on the sand, lippety, lippety, when he saw the Whale and the Elephant talking together. Little Brother Rabbit crouched down and listened to what they were saying. 
This was what they were saying:
''You are the biggest thing on the land, Brother Elephant,'' said the Whale, ''and I am the biggest thing in the sea; if we join together we can rule all the animals in the world, and have our way about everything.''

''Very good, very good,'' trumpeted the Elephant; ''that suits me; we will do it.''

Little Brother Rabbit snickered to himself. ''They won't rule me,'' he said. He ran away and got a very long, very strong rope, and he got his big drum, and hid the drum a long way off in the bushes. Then he went along the beach till he came to the Whale.

''Oh, please, dear, strong Mr. Whale,'' he said, ''will you have the great kindness to do me a favor? My cow is stuck in the mud, a quarter of a mile from here. And I can't pull her out. But you are so strong and so obliging, that I venture to trust you will help me out.''

The Whale was so pleased with the compliment that he said, ''Yes,'' at once.

''Then,'' said the Rabbit, ''I will tie this end of my long rope to you, and I will run away and tie the other end round my cow, and when I am ready I will beat my big drum. When you hear that, pull very, very hard, for the cow is stuck very deep in the mud.''

''Huh!'' grunted the Whale, ''I'll pull her out, if she is stuck to the horns.''

Little Brother Rabbit tied the rope-end to the whale, and ran off, lippety, lippety, till he came to the place where the Elephant was.

''Oh, please, mighty and kindly Elephant,'' he said, making a very low bow

''will you do me a favor?''

''What is it?'' asked the Elephant.

''My cow is stuck in the mud, about a quarter of a mile from here,'' said little Brother Rabbit, ''and I cannot pull her out. Of course you could. If you will be so very obliging as to help me -- ''

''Certainly,'' said the Elephant grandly, ``certainly.''

''Then,'' said little Brother Rabbit, ''I will tie one end of this long rope to your trunk, and the other to my cow, and as soon as I have tied her tightly I will beat my big drum. When you hear that, pull; pull as hard as you can, for my cow is very heavy.''

''Never fear,'' said the Elephant, ``I could pull twenty cows.''

''I am sure you could,'' said the Rabbit, politely,''only be sure to begin gently, and pull harder and harder till you get her.''

Then he tied the end of the rope tightly round the Elephant's trunk, and ran away into the bushes. There he sat down and beat the big drum.

The Whale began to pull, and the Elephant began to pull, and in a jify the rope tightened till it was stretched as hard as could be.

''This is a remarkably heavy cow,'' said the Elephant; ''but I'll fetch her!'' And he braced his forefeet in the earth, and gave a tremendous pull.

''Dear me!'' said the Whale. ``That cow must be stuck mighty tight;'' and he drove his tail deep in the water, and gave a marvelous pull.

He pulled harder; the Elephant pulled harder. Pretty soon the Whale found himself sliding toward the land. The reason was, of course, that the Elephant had something solid to brace against, and, too, as fast as he pulled the rope in a little, he took a turn with it round his trunk!

But when the Whale found himself sliding toward the land he was so provoked with the cow that he dove head first, down to the bottom of the sea. That was a pull! The Elephant was jerked off his feet, and came slipping and sliding to the beach, and into the surf. He was terribly angry. He braced himself with all his might, and pulled his best. At the jerk, up came the Whale out of the water.

''Who is pulling me?'' spouted the Whale.

''Who is pulling me?'' trumpeted the Elephant.

And then each saw the rope in the other's hold.

''I'll teach you to play cow!'' roared the Elephant.

''I'll show you how to fool me!'' fumed the Whale. And they began to pull again. But this time the rope broke, the Whale turned a somersault, and the Elephant fell over backwards.

At that, they were both so ashamed that neither would speak to the other. So that broke up the bargain between them.

And little Brother Rabbit sat in the bushes and laughed, and laughed, and laughed.


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fruits and vegetables - mind maps and exercises









































miercuri, 21 mai 2014

Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza

Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza


Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor.

Exista in acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut si aplicat.

Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la  Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in subordonata se poate folosi orice timp:

  REGENTA                                         SUBORDONATA
Verbul este la prezent                                Verbul poate fi la orice timp (cerut de sens)
(Present Tense Simple, Present Tense
 Continuous, Present Perfect Simple,
Present Perfect Continuous )                              
We all know that = Noi toti stim ca             ... he had gone = el mersese
                                                                    ... he went = el a mers
                                                                    ... he will go= el va merge


Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past.

           REGENTA                                         SUBORDONATA
 Verbul este la trecut                                   Orice alt timp „past"
(Past Tense Simple, Past Tense                                       
Continuous, Past Perfect Simple,
Past Perfect Continuous)                                                                       
                                                                                                 
a) Past Tense – actiune simultana – Past Tense
He said =  El a spus        ... he was ill = ca este bolnav
 
b) Past Tense – actiune anterioara – Past Perfect
He said =  El a spus      ...    he had returned home a week before
                            = ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamâna inainte

Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat.
   Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses.
    (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.)
 
c) Past Tense–actiunea posterioar –Future-in-the-Past
He said =  El a spus        ... he would leave the next day = ca va pleca a doua zi
                                                                                              .
 
Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala.Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate).

He said =  El a spus    ... he would buy a car if he had money = ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani   

Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si temporale, el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca subordonata este completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor.

           REGENTA                                         SUBORDONATA
 Verbul este la viitor                               Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut
                                                                 de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale
                                                                 sau  conditionale, care nu pot include
                                                                 un verb la viitor.

  Situatiile cel mai des intâlnite sunt urmatoarele:
a) Future – actiune simultana – Present
 
 I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte      
when I have time =când voi avea timp
b)Future – actiune anterioara – Present Perfect
I will go to England = Voi merge in Anglia         
          after I have received a visa= dupa ce voi obtine viza

 
c) verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata completiva directa
I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce             
 I shall do. =  voi face.

Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci când verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intâlni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: „He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii români de limba engleza sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus.

EXCEPTII   (deci cazuri cand nu se aplica regulile de concordanta a timpurilor)

1. Cand in subordonata se exprima un adevar stiintific /general.
Everybody knew that gold is a metal. = Toata lumea stia ca aurul este metal.
I told you that silver is gray. = Ti-am spus ca argintul este gri.
 
2. Cand subordonata este:
a) cauzala
He will not go to school because he didn't learn his lessons. =  El nu va merge la scoala pentru ca nu si-a invatat lectiile.
We shall go on the trip because they gave us the money. =  Vom merge in excursie pentru ca ei ne-au dat  banii.
b) atributiva
You will see the man who wrote that book. =  Il vei vedea pe omul care a scris cartea aceea.
I saw the girl who will play the piano. = Am vazut fata care va canta la pian.
c) comparativ modala
Tomorrow I shall work more than I worked yesterday. =  Maine voi munci mai mult decat am muncit ieri.